Skip to main content

Diabetes and it's types | Diabetes Mellitus

 Introduction to Diabetes 

Diabetes is generally defined as “any disorder characterized by excessive urine excretion”

There are two types of Diabetes 

1) Diabetes Mellitus 

 2) Diabetes insipidus

What is Diabetes Mellitus 

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of glucose,it is a absolute or relative deficiency of insulin which results in hyperglycemia (increase blood glucose level). 

Diabetes mellitus is a common clinical condition and third major cause of death in many developed countries, about 1/5th of individual's above the age of 50, Bearing this disease.  

Deficiency of Insulin leads to increased blood glucose level.

Thus, due to this high blood glucose, the entry of glucose into the cells is inefficient. Hence, all body cells are starved of glucose.

Insulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus(DDM)

 It is also known as Juvenile-onset or Type-I Diabetes Mellitus.

There is absolute deficiency of insulin due to viral or auto-immune destruction of B-cells of the islets of Langerhans of pancreas, thus glucose cannot enter into the cells and cannot get metabolized to provide energy.

The destruction of B-cells is gradual i.e.It takes many years after the autoimmune attack, but the symptoms appear abruptly when 80-90% of the B-cells have been destroyed.

It occurs usually during childhood or puberty. Patients are usually undernourished.

Among all the diagnosed diabetics, 10 to 20 percent are found to have insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.

Genetic predisposition is moderate i.e. inheritance is not common.

Metabolic alterations due to hypoglycemia result in serious complications.

Ketoacidosis, a life threatening acute complication is common.

Plasma insulin levels are initially low but later on become absent.

Patients are unresponsive to oral hypoglycemia agents and therefore always need exogenous insulin.

2. Non-Insulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)

It is also called Adult-onset or Type-II Diabetes Mellitus.

There is relative deficiency of insulin as well as the unresponsiveness of receptors of insulin on the surface of the target cells, thus glucose can not enter into the cells and cannot get metabolized to provide energy.

NIDDM develops gradually without obvious symptoms and is often an incidental finding. NIDDM does not involve viruses or auto immune destruction of B-cells of the islets of Langerhans of pancreas.

It occurs usually after the age of 35. Patients are usually obese.Among all the diagnosed diabetics, 80 to 90% are found to have NIDDM.

Genetic predisposition is very strong i.c. inheritance is most likely.

Metabolic alterations are milder than that observed in IDDM.

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State(HHS) or Coma, is an acute complication and is common.Plasma insulin levels are normal or even high.

What is Diabetes insipidus (DI):-

It is a metabolic disorder due to absolute or relative deficiency of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), resulting in failure of tubular reabsorption of water from kidneys and the Consequent passage of a large amount of urine and excessive thirst.

DI results in primary loss of water from the extracellular fluid, causing hyperosmotic dehydration. DI has nothing to do with glucose metabolism.

Primary or Central DI: It is the absolute deficiency of ADH due to a defect in the posterior pituitary gland. The posterior pituitary gland is unable to secrete ADH at all.

Secondary or Nephrogenic DI: It is the relative deficiency of ADH owing to a defect in the ADH receptors present in the kidneys. The ADH level is normal or above normal.






Labels

Labels:

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

What is Chromatography and its types

The word ‘chromatography’ is derived from Greek word ‘Chromo’ meaning colour and ‘graphy’ meaning to measure; initially it was used to separate coloured compounds from the mixture.   In another words It is an analytical technique used for the separation of closely related compounds from a mixture. These compounds are proteins, peptides, lipids ,amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and drugs. Chromatography was discovered by Russian Botanist Tswest in 1903. He used it for separation of plant pigments for the first time. The early methods used for the separation and purification of compounds from mixtures were labourious, and s  s low.  With passage of time and advancement in the separation techniques over years, the chromatographic technique has become to be known as used for the separation of different compounds from mixture and for their identification. Principle of Chromatography Chromatography is usually  consists of two phases first a mobile phase and secondary i...
Post a Comment
Read more

What are Types of Chromatography , Paper chromatography

Types of chromatography This technique is mostly used for the separation of amino acids, sugars, sugars derivatives and also for the separation of chemicals by this type of chromatography.  Stationary phase in paper chromatography is Whatman No. 1 or Whatman No. 3 filter papers while Mobile phase is the mixture of water, organic solvents and of various additives. In paper chromatography mixture of compounds to be separate is allowed to rise up and apply on the upward position (called ascending chromatography) at end of filter paper  (usually 2 cm above the paper) by a capillary action or move down by a capillary action on the paper (called descending chromatography). Solution of mixture to be separated applied on filter paper and migration of molecules present in solution occur and after some time paper is dried and dipped in solvent to visualize spots on paper with specific coloring reagents.  Since the speed of migrating molecules is depends on their relative solubility...
Post a Comment
Read more

Difference between RNA and DNA

Easy and short Difference between RNA and DNA is Here   RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) • RNA is a single stranded structure. It is Present mainly in cytoplasm but some in the nucleus. RNA Contains purines (Adenine and Guanine) And Pyrimidines (Cytosine and Uracil). It Contains Ribose(Sugar) and phosphoric acid. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) DNA is a double stranded helical structure. It is Present mainly in the nucleus but some in the cytoplasm. it is Contains purines (Adenine and Guanine). And pyrimidines (Cytosine and Thymine). It Contains DeoxyRibose (Sugar) and phosphoric acid.
Post a Comment
Read more