Bio and chemistry

#1 What is Biochemistry Biochemistry is the language of biology. The tools used for the research in all kinds of medical sciences are dependent on principles of biochemistry. Definition of Biochemistry • It is the chemistry of biological process. It deals with the chemical reaction. Such as growth, metabolism, reproduction and heredity etc, As the name indicate biochemistry is the hybrid science. • Biology is the science of living organism and chemistry is the science of atoms and molecule in living organism. • It is the science in which chemistry is implemented to the study of living organism and the atoms and the molecules which comprise the living organism. • Biochemistry is the chemistry of life. It include sciences of: • Molecular biology • Immuno chemistry • Neuro chemistry • Bioorganic chemistry • Biophysical chemistry • Biochemistry helps us in Understanding our biology at molecular level. It is very useful in biomedical and agricultural research. Biochemistry has m...

 BALANCED DIET A balance diet is a diet which, along with water, contains all the five types of dietary ingredients i.e. carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals in amounts sufficient for normal growth and maintenance of health, depending on the individual's age and sex. COMPOSITION OF BALANCED DIET For a healthy adult, weighing 70 Kg, a balanced diet should provide 2400 to 3000 calories per day.  1g of carbohydrate provides 4.6 kilocalories. lg of fat provides 9.1 kilocalories. lg of protein provides 4.2 kilocalories.   Percentage-wise 60-70% of total energy should come from carbohydrates . 20-35% of total energy should come from fats. 10-15% of total energy should come from proteins. 2. Quality-wise Carbohydrates about 600 g/day. Fats about 50 g/day. Proteins about 100 g/day (0.1g/Kg body Wt. at least). Half of the total protein should come from animal sources. In human diet, fat and carbohydrates can replace cach other within wide limits.

 Introduction to Diabetes  Diabetes is generally defined as “any disorder characterized by excessive urine excretion” There are two types of Diabetes  1) Diabetes Mellitus   2) Diabetes insipidus What is Diabetes Mellitus   Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of glucose,it is a absolute or relative deficiency of insulin which results in hyperglycemia (increase blood glucose level).  Diabetes mellitus is a common clinical condition and third major cause of death in many developed countries, about 1/5th of individual's above the age of 50, Bearing this disease.   Deficiency of Insulin leads to increased blood glucose level. Thus, due to this high blood glucose, the entry of glucose into the cells is inefficient. Hence, all body cells are starved of glucose. Insulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus(DDM)  It is also known as Juvenile-onset or Type-I Diabetes Mellitus. There is absolute deficiency of insulin due to viral or auto-immune destr...

Easy and short Difference between RNA and DNA is Here   RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) • RNA is a single stranded structure. It is Present mainly in cytoplasm but some in the nucleus. RNA Contains purines (Adenine and Guanine) And Pyrimidines (Cytosine and Uracil). It Contains Ribose(Sugar) and phosphoric acid. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) DNA is a double stranded helical structure. It is Present mainly in the nucleus but some in the cytoplasm. it is Contains purines (Adenine and Guanine). And pyrimidines (Cytosine and Thymine). It Contains DeoxyRibose (Sugar) and phosphoric acid.

 RNA(Ribonucleic Acid) It is a single stranded polynucleotide.  By the action of RNA polymerase it is made in nucleus from one strand of DNA. protein synthesis is the primary function of RNA. RNA consists of nitrogenous bases, either purine (adenine or guanine) or pyrimidine (cytosine or uracil), sugar. (ribose) and phosphoric acid. Thymine (pyrimidine) is never pres- ent in RNA. There are three kinds of RNA 1.e. messenger  RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) and  ribosomal RNA (rRNA). mRNA takes the message from DNA to tRNA. Just one strand of DNA serves as a tem- plate for the synthesis of mRNA. tRNA also called soluble RNA (sRNA) reads the message and transfers amino  acids to the proper site on the rRNA. rRNA in ribosome of the endoplasmic  reticulum, synthesize protein from the  amino acids brought by tRNA.

 DNA(Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a double stranded (double helix) polynucleotide. DNA consists of nitrogenous bases both, purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine and thyminc), sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphoric acid. • Uracil (pyrimidine) is not present in DNA. • In DNA the two strands are joined together through out the whole length of the molecule. DNA strands are complementary to cach other but run in opposite directions.The joining between the two strands Always Occurs between purines and pyrimidines and not between purines themselves or pyrimidines themselves. There is a rule, known as "the pairing rule" according to which adenine always joins thymine through three hydrogen bonds (A=T)) and guanine always join cytosine through three hydrogen bonds(G=C). A purine and a pyrimidine, which joins together to form DNA, is known as complementary pair of bases. Therefore adenine (A) and thymine (T) form one complementary pair and guanine (G) and cytosine (C) form t...

Introduction to Nutrition  Nutrition are substances, which provide energy to the human body and include carbohydrates, proteins, fats and lipids, minerals, vitamins, eggs, water etc. Food is the main source of the body fuels.  The ingested food undergoes metabolism to give energy required for the vital activities of the body. Details included as; CARBOHYDRATES One gram of carbohydrates gives 4.6 Kilo calories (4600 calories). Carbohydrates rich foods are potatoes, cane sugar, cereals, fruits, sweets, syrups, chocolates and beet roots. Glucose can be produced in the body from amino acids and glycerol Carbohydrates  and fats are protein sparer i.e. they are used first, as the source of energy, instead of proteins hence prevent protein loss. Protein sparing action of carbohydrates is greater than that of fats. Some intermediate products of carbohydrate metabolism provide amino acids e.g. pyruvic acid and oxaloacetic acid can be aminated to form alanine and aspartic acid resp...

 The word ‘chromatography’ is derived from Greek word ‘Chromo’ meaning colour and ‘graphy’ meaning to measure; initially it was used to separate coloured compounds from the mixture.  In another words It is an analytical technique used for the separation of closely related compounds from a mixture. These compounds are proteins, peptides, lipids ,amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and drugs. Chromatography was discovered by Russian Botanist Tswest in 1903. He used it for separation of plant pigments for the first time. The early methods used for the separation and purification of compounds from mixtures were labourious, ands slow. With passage of time and advancement in the separation techniques over years, the chromatographic technique has become to be known as used for the separation of different compounds from mixture and for their identification. Principle of Chromatography Chromatography is usually consists of two phases first a mobile phase and secondary is a stationary ...

 Enzymes are proteins produced by the living cells, which are capable of catalyzing  a chemical reaction in a living organism to yield specific product, without getting used up. • They never initiate any reaction rather only accelerates the pre-cxisting reaction. • Enzymes are biological catalysts. Catalyst These are the agents, which in minute amounts increase the velocity of a reaction without appearing in the final product of the reaction. Substrate The compound on which an enzyme acts is called its substrate. Nomenclature Names of enzymes usually end in "ase" which is preceded by the name of its substrate.